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<title>Key–value database</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Key–value database</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a storage system architecture. For the mode of data representation, see <a href="Key%E2%80%93value_pair" class="mw-redirect" title="Key–value pair">Key–value pair</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>key-value database</b>, or <b>key-value store</b>, is a data storage paradigm designed for storing, retrieving, and managing <a href="Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative arrays</a>, a <a href="Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structure</a> more commonly known today as a <i>dictionary</i> or <i><a href="Hash_table" title="Hash table">hash table</a></i>. Dictionaries contain a <a href="Collection_(abstract_data_type)" title="Collection (abstract data type)">collection</a> of <i><a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a></i>, or <i><a href="Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">records</a></i>, which in turn have many different <i><a href="Field_(computer_science)" title="Field (computer science)">fields</a></i> within them, each containing data. These records are stored and retrieved using a <i>key</i> that uniquely identifies the record, and is used to find the data within the <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corbellini_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbellini-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hjablonski_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hjablonski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Key-value databases work in a very different fashion from the better known <a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a> (RDB). RDBs pre-define the data structure in the database as a series of tables containing fields with well defined <a href="Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a>. Exposing the data types to the database program allows it to apply a number of optimizations. In contrast, key-value systems treat the data as a single opaque collection, which may have different fields for every record. This offers considerable flexibility and more closely follows modern concepts like <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. Unlike most RDBs, in key-value databases optional values are not represented by placeholders or input parameters and as a result key-value databases use far less <a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> to store the same data. This can lead to large performance gains in certain types of workloads.

</p><p>Performance, a lack of standardization and other issues have limited key-value systems to niche uses for many years, but the rapid move to <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> after 2010 has led to a renaissance as part of the broader <a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> movement. Some <a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">graph databases</a>, such as <a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also key–value databases internally, adding the concept of the relationships (<i><a href="Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a></i>) between records as a first class data type.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_examples">Types and examples</h2></div>

<p>Key-value databases can use <a href="Consistency_model" title="Consistency model">consistency models</a> ranging from <a href="Eventual_consistency" title="Eventual consistency">eventual consistency</a> to <a href="Serializability" class="mw-redirect" title="Serializability">serializability</a>. Some support ordering of keys.

</p><p>Some maintain data <a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">in memory (RAM)</a>, while others employ <a href="Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">solid-state drives</a> or <a href="Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">rotating disks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corbellini_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corbellini-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Every entity (record) is a set of key–value pairs. A key has multiple components, specified as an ordered list. The major key identifies the record and consists of the leading components of the key. The subsequent components are called minor keys. This organization is similar to a directory path specification in a file system (e.g., /Major/minor1/minor2/). The “value” part of the key–value pair is simply an uninterpreted string of bytes of arbitrary length.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Unix system provides <a href="DBM_(computing)" title="DBM (computing)">dbm</a> (database manager), which is a 1979 library originally written by <a href="Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>. It is also ported to <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, provided through programming languages such as <a href="Perl#Windows" title="Perl">Perl for Win32</a>. The dbm manages associative arrays of arbitrary data by use of a single key (a primary key). Modern implementations include <a href="DBM_(computing)#Implementations" title="DBM (computing)">sdbm, GNU dbm</a>, and <a href="Berkeley_DB" title="Berkeley DB">Berkeley DB</a>. Although <i>dbm</i> precedes the concept of a NoSQL and is rarely mentioned in modern discourse, it is used by many pieces of software.

</p><p>A more recent example of a key-value database is <a href="RocksDB" title="RocksDB">RocksDB</a> which is used as storage engine for other database management systems such as <a href="ArangoDB" title="ArangoDB">ArangoDB</a>. Other examples include <a href="Aerospike_(database)" title="Aerospike (database)">Aerospike (database)</a>, <a href="Amazon_DynamoDB" title="Amazon DynamoDB">Amazon DynamoDB</a>, <a href="Memcached" title="Memcached">Memcached</a>, <a href="Redis" title="Redis">Redis</a>, and <a href="ScyllaDB" title="ScyllaDB">ScyllaDB</a>.

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<li><a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">Data analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_data_store" title="Distributed data store">Distributed data store</a></li>

<li><a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented database</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model database</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuple_space" title="Tuple space">Tuple space</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordered_Key-Value_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordered Key-Value Store">Ordered Key-Value Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Name%E2%80%93value_pair" title="Name–value pair">Name–value pair</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCorbelliniMateosZuninoGodoy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Corbellini, Alejandro; Mateos, Cristian; Zunino, Alejandro; Godoy, Daniela; Schiaffino, Silvia (2017-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306437916303210">"Persisting big-data: The NoSQL landscape"</a>. <i>Information Systems</i>. <b>63</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.is.2016.07.009">10.1016/j.is.2016.07.009</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F58462">11336/58462</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4379">0306-4379</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-hjablonski-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hjablonski_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHechtJablonski2011" class="citation conference cs1">Hecht, Robin; Jablonski, Stefan (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6138544"><i>NoSQL evaluation: A use case oriented survey</i></a></span>. 2011 International Conference on Cloud and Service Computing. pp. <span class="nowrap">336–</span>341. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCSC.2011.6138544">10.1109/CSC.2011.6138544</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arangodb.com/docs/stable/architecture-storage-engines.html">"Storage Engines"</a>. <i>ArangoDB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkmind.org/download.php?articleid=immm_2012_4_10_20050">Oracle NoSQL Database</a>.</span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Database_models59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Hierarchical_database_model" title="Hierarchical database model">Hierarchical</a></li>

<li><a href="Dimensional_modeling" title="Dimensional modeling">Dimensional</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_model" title="Network model">Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship</a>

<ul><li><a href="Enhanced_entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Enhanced entity–relationship model">Enhanced</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93attribute%E2%80%93value_model" title="Entity–attribute–value model">Entity–attribute–value</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Online_analytical_processing#Multidimensional_databases" title="Online analytical processing">Multi-dimensional</a></li>

<li><a href="Array_DBMS" title="Array DBMS">Array</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_data_model" title="Semantic data model">Semantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Star_schema" title="Star schema">Star schema</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_database" title="XML database">XML database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">Object–relational</a></li>

<li><a href="Deductive_database" title="Deductive database">Deductive</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporal_database" title="Temporal database">Temporal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Valid_time" title="Valid time">Valid time</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_time" title="Transaction time">Transaction time</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_time" title="Decision time">Decision time</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="XML_database" title="XML database">XML data store</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordered_Key-Value_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordered Key-Value Store">Ordered Key-Value Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Triplestore" title="Triplestore">Triplestore</a></li></ul>

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